Ankara Travel Guide: Everything You Need to Know

Introduction - Why Visit Ankara?

Ankara, the capital of Turkey, may often be overlooked in favor of more prominent cities like Istanbul, but this vibrant metropolis offers a compelling mix of history, culture, and modern urban life. Established as the capital in 1923, following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Ankara serves not just as a political hub but also as a cultural melting pot. Its strategic location at the heart of the country has made it a crossroads of civilizations for centuries, from the Hittites to the Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans, each leaving their indelible mark on the city.

Walking through Ankara, visitors are treated to a rich tapestry of historical sites, from ancient Roman temples to Ottoman-era mosques. The city is home to some of Turkey's most significant museums, such as the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, which showcases artifacts from various epochs. The blend of the old and the new is palpable as you stroll through the streets lined with modern cafes, bustling markets, and historic landmarks. Furthermore, Ankara's local population exudes warmth and hospitality, making it an inviting destination for travelers seeking authentic experiences away from the more touristy spots.

Culturally, Ankara is alive with art, music, and theater. The city's vibrant arts scene includes numerous galleries, theaters, and concert venues that host international and local performances. Festivals celebrating film, culture, and music are held throughout the year, providing a glimpse into the creative spirit of the city. As Ankara continues to evolve, it embraces its historical roots while fostering a contemporary atmosphere that is both dynamic and welcoming.

In short, visiting Ankara is not just about seeing a city; it's about experiencing the essence of Turkey. Whether you are a history buff, food lover, or culture enthusiast, Ankara has something to offer every traveler. So pack your bags and get ready to explore a city that beautifully blends the past and present, promising a unique journey through time and culture.

Best Time to Visit

When planning your trip to Ankara, timing can greatly affect your experience. The city experiences a continental climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

Weather Analysis

• Spring (March to May): Spring is arguably one of the best times to visit Ankara. Temperatures range from 10°C (50°F) in early March to around 23°C (73°F) in May. The city comes alive with blooming flowers, especially around parks like Gençlik Park. This season is not only pleasant weather-wise but also sees fewer tourists, allowing you to enjoy major attractions with ease.

• Summer (June to August): Summer months can get quite hot, with temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F). July and August are the peak tourist months, attracting local and international visitors. If you choose to visit during summer, be prepared for outdoor activities during the cooler hours of the day and enjoy the vibrant nightlife that comes alive after sunset.

• Autumn (September to November): Autumn is another fantastic time to visit Ankara. September still boasts warm temperatures, around 28°C (82°F), while November cools down to about 10°C (50°F). The crisp air and colorful foliage make for beautiful scenery, especially in parks like Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo.

• Winter (December to February): Winters can be quite harsh in Ankara, with temperatures dropping to around -5°C (23°F). Snow is common, which can create a magical atmosphere, especially around historical sites. If you enjoy winter activities, visiting during this season can offer a unique perspective of the city.

Local Events

• Ankara International Film Festival: Held in April, this festival showcases national and international films, attracting filmmakers and audiences alike.

• Ankara Jazz Festival: Celebrating jazz music, this festival typically occurs in October and features performances by both local and international artists.

• Atatürk Commemoration: Taking place on November 10th every year, this event honors the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with ceremonies held at his mausoleum, Anıtkabir.

Peak/Off-Peak Times

• Peak Season: June to August is the high tourist season, owing to school holidays and favorable weather. Expect crowded attractions and higher accommodation prices.

• Off-Peak Season: Late autumn and winter (December to February) are usually less crowded, making it a great time if you prefer a quieter experience. However, be prepared for cold weather.

Choosing the right time for your visit can significantly enhance your experience, so consider your preferences in weather and crowds when planning your trip to Ankara!

Top Attractions

Ankara is rich in history and culture, with numerous attractions that provide insights into its storied past and vibrant present. Here are some of the must-see landmarks and experiences:

1. Anıtkabir

Located in the Anıttepe neighborhood, Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey. This monumental structure, completed in 1953, is a tribute to the nation's leader and features a striking blend of ancient and modern architectural styles. Visitors can explore the expansive grounds and museum, which houses personal items of Atatürk and historical artifacts. Admission is free, and it's open every day from 9 AM to 5 PM.

2. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

This award-winning museum, located near the citadel, is a must-visit for history enthusiasts. It showcases a wealth of artifacts from Anatolia's diverse civilizations, including the Hittites, Urartians, Phrygians, and Byzantines. Don't miss the stunning display of the famous Hittite Sphinx and the artifacts from Çatalhöyük, one of the oldest known human settlements. Admission is approximately 50 Turkish Lira and the museum is open from 8:30 AM to 7 PM.

3. Kocatepe Mosque

A symbol of modern Ankara, Kocatepe Mosque is one of the largest mosques in Turkey, completed in 1987. Its impressive architecture features a vast prayer hall and several domes, making it a striking sight against the skyline. Visitors can enter the mosque, provided they are dressed modestly. The serenity and beauty of the interior are breathtaking, especially when the sunlight filters through the stained glass windows.

4. Ankara Castle

Perched on a hilltop, Ankara Castle offers panoramic views of the city and the surrounding landscape. The castle dates back to Roman times and has been a significant strategic point throughout history. Explore the narrow streets of the old town surrounding the castle, filled with charming shops and cafes. Admission to the castle is free, and it's best visited early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the heat.

5. Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo

This vast green space is perfect for a leisurely day out, offering a combination of a zoo, farm, and recreational area. You can stroll through the gardens, visit the animals, and even sample local produce from the farm shops. Families love this spot for picnics and outdoor activities. Entry is around 20 Turkish Lira, and the farm is open from 8 AM to 7 PM.

6. State Art and Sculpture Museum

For art lovers, this museum showcases contemporary Turkish art alongside works from international artists. The museum is located in a beautiful building and often hosts temporary exhibitions, workshops, and events. Admission is usually free, making it an accessible cultural experience.

7. Aviation Museum

A hidden gem for aviation enthusiasts, this museum features an extensive collection of aircraft, including military planes and helicopters used by the Turkish Air Force. Interactive exhibits provide insights into aviation history, and visitors can even explore some of the aircraft up close. Admission is around 30 Turkish Lira, and the museum is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM.

8. CerModern

An artistic hub in Ankara, CerModern is a contemporary art space that hosts exhibitions, workshops, and cultural events. The converted railway depot features rotating exhibits from both local and international artists. Admission fees vary depending on the exhibition, and it's open from 10 AM to 7 PM.

These attractions provide a glimpse into Ankara's rich history and culture, ensuring that every visitor finds something to spark their interest.

Hidden Gems

While Ankara boasts well-known attractions, it also holds secrets waiting to be discovered. Here are some hidden gems that capture the essence of the city:

1. Hamamönü

This historic neighborhood has been beautifully restored, showcasing traditional Ottoman architecture. Strolling through the cobblestone streets, you’ll find quaint cafes, artisan shops, and beautifully restored houses. Be sure to stop by one of the local tea houses to enjoy a calming cup of Turkish tea.

2. Seğmenler Park

A peaceful retreat in the heart of the city, Seğmenler Park offers stunning views of the Kocatepe Mosque and a serene atmosphere. It’s an ideal spot for a leisurely walk or a picnic. The park features walking paths, a café, and plenty of green space for relaxation.

3. Sıhhiye Square

This bustling square is a great place to experience the local vibe. Surrounded by shopping, dining, and transportation options, it’s a hub for locals. Take a moment to people-watch and soak in the energy of the city.

4. Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu

Located in the old city center near Ankara Castle, this narrow street is home to traditional craft shops selling everything from carpets to handmade jewelry. It’s a wonderful place to interact with local artisans and find unique souvenirs.

5. State Theatre of Ankara

For a taste of local performing arts, check out a show at the State Theatre of Ankara. The theatre often hosts performances ranging from classic plays to contemporary productions. Ticket prices vary, and it's advisable to book in advance for popular shows.

These hidden gems allow you to experience Ankara like a local, offering unique perspectives on the city’s culture and charm.

Where to Stay

Choosing the right neighborhood can enhance your experience in Ankara. Here are some of the best areas to consider, along with their pros and cons:

1. Kavaklıdere

Pros: Central location, close to shopping, dining, and major attractions like the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Cons: Can be noisy due to its busy streets. Price Range: Mid-range to high-end hotels, with prices from 600-1,200 Turkish Lira per night.

2. Çankaya

Pros: A residential area with a laid-back vibe, close to government buildings and parks. Great for families and those looking for a quieter stay. Cons: Slightly farther from tourist attractions compared to Kavaklıdere. Price Range: Budget to mid-range hotels, typically 400-800 Turkish Lira per night.

3. Ulus

Pros: The historical center of Ankara, home to many significant landmarks like Anıtkabir and Ankara Castle. Cons: Can be less upscale than other areas; may require more walking to reach some attractions. Price Range: Budget options available starting from 200 Turkish Lira, but also features higher-end hotels.

4. Söğütözü

Pros: A modern area with high-end hotels, shopping malls, and business centers. Ideal for travelers seeking a more contemporary atmosphere. Cons: Farther from historical sites, requiring transportation to reach major attractions. Price Range: High-end hotels, with prices ranging from 800-1,500 Turkish Lira per night.

5. Tunalı Hilmi Caddesi

Pros: This bustling street is lined with shops, cafes, and restaurants. It offers a vibrant atmosphere and easy access to attractions. Cons: Can be crowded and noisy, especially during peak hours. Price Range: Mid-range hotels, typically from 500-1,000 Turkish Lira per night.

No matter which neighborhood you choose, each one offers a unique flavor of Ankara, ensuring that you find a comfortable base for your adventures.

Local Cuisine

Ankara's culinary scene is a delightful blend of traditional Turkish flavors and contemporary influences. Here are some must-try dishes, restaurants, and insights into the food culture:

Must-Try Dishes

• Ankara Tava: A local specialty, this dish consists of rice pilaf cooked with tender lamb or chicken, often garnished with nuts and spices. It's a hearty meal that reflects the city's love for rich flavors.

• Döner Kebap: While found throughout Turkey, Ankara's döner kebaps are particularly renowned. Thinly sliced marinated meat is served in a wrap or on a plate, often accompanied by fresh vegetables and delicious sauces.

• Manti: Turkish dumplings filled with spiced meat and served with yogurt and garlic sauce. Ankara's version features a unique twist, often topped with melted butter and paprika.

• Kuzu Tandir: Slow-cooked lamb in a clay oven, resulting in tender, flavorful meat. This dish is usually served with a side of rice or flatbread.

• Çörek: A traditional pastry that comes in various forms, often filled with cheese, herbs, or meats. Perfect for a snack or light meal.

Top Restaurants

1. Zenger Paşa Konağı: Located in the historical district of Hamamönü, this restaurant offers a delightful ambiance and a menu filled with traditional dishes. Prices range from 100-250 Turkish Lira per person.

   Address: Kavaflar Sok. No:7, Hamamönü, Çankaya

2. Kebapçı İskender: Known for its delicious döner kebaps and İskender kebab, this eatery is a favorite among locals. Expect to spend around 60-120 Turkish Lira per meal.

   Address: Lale Mahallesi, 0245. Sk. No: 5, Çankaya

3. Havuzlu Restaurant: Set within Atatürk Forest Farm, this restaurant is perfect for enjoying local dishes in a serene environment. Prices typically range from 70-150 Turkish Lira.

   Address: Atatürk Orman Çiftliği ve Hayvanat Bahçesi, 06520 Çankaya

4. Café des Cafés: A trendy café offering a fusion of Turkish and international cuisine. It's an excellent spot for breakfast or brunch, with meals averaging around 50-120 Turkish Lira.

   Address: Tunalı Hilmi Cad. No: 85, Kavaklıdere

5. Sakarya Caddesi Lokantası: A beloved local spot known for its traditional Ankara Tava and other local specialties. Expect to pay around 50-100 Turkish Lira per person.

   Address: Sakarya Cad. No:22, Kızılay

Food Culture

Eating in Ankara is not just a meal; it's an experience. The Turkish coffee culture is vibrant here, where you can find numerous cafés serving up rich, aromatic brews. Don’t miss out on trying a traditional Turkish breakfast, often featuring olives, tomatoes, cucumbers, cheeses, and fresh bread, best enjoyed leisurely.

Street food is also a staple of Ankara’s culinary scene, with vendors selling simit (sesame bagels), fresh fruit juices, and roasted chestnuts throughout the city. Embrace the local food culture by dining at both upscale restaurants and humble eateries to get a full sense of Ankara's gastronomic landscape.

Getting Around

Navigating Ankara is relatively easy, thanks to its well-connected public transportation system. Here’s a comprehensive guide to getting around the city:

Public Transport

• Metro: Ankara's metro system comprises several lines, connecting major areas and attractions. The M1 line runs from Kızılay to Atatürk Airport, while the M2 line extends to the city’s more residential areas. Tickets can be purchased at kiosks or vending machines for around 15 Turkish Lira.

• Buses: The city has an extensive bus network operated by EGO. Buses are reliable, with routes covering most parts of the city. A single bus ticket costs around 15 Turkish Lira, and you can use the same transportation card for both metro and buses.

• Trams: The tram service operates mainly in the historical area of Ulus. It’s a scenic way to travel between neighborhoods, particularly if you’re headed to the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.

Taxis and Rideshares

Taxis are widely available and relatively inexpensive, with the starting fare around 20 Turkish Lira. However, ensure that the driver uses the meter to avoid overcharging. Rideshare services like BiTaksi and Uber are also operational, offering a convenient alternative for getting around.

Car Rentals

If you prefer the flexibility of driving, several car rental companies operate in Ankara. Rental prices start from around 500 Turkish Lira per day. However, be prepared for traffic, especially during rush hours (7 AM-9 AM and 5 PM-7 PM).

Cycling and Walking

Ankara is increasingly becoming more bike-friendly, with designated cycling paths in certain areas. Walking is also a great way to explore neighborhoods like Kavaklıdere and Hamamönü, where you can soak in the local atmosphere at your own pace.

With various transportation options at your disposal, getting around Ankara will be easy and convenient, allowing you to explore the city to the fullest.

Suggested Itineraries

If you’re wondering how to make the most of your time in Ankara, here are three suggested itineraries for a 3-day visit:

Day 1: Exploring Historical Sites

• Morning: Start your day at Anıtkabir. Arrive by 9 AM to avoid crowds. Spend an hour exploring the mausoleum and museum.
• Midday: Head to Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Allocate about 2-3 hours to thoroughly appreciate the exhibits.
• Lunch: Enjoy lunch at Zenger Paşa Konağı nearby.
• Afternoon: Visit Ankara Castle in the early afternoon. Spend around 1-2 hours wandering the grounds and enjoying the view.
• Evening: Stroll through Hamamönü, where you can find dinner at one of the local restaurants. Try Havuzlu Restaurant for traditional dishes.

Day 2: Art and Culture

• Morning: Visit the State Art and Sculpture Museum around 10 AM to catch a glimpse of contemporary Turkish art.
• Midday: Enjoy lunch at Café des Cafés on Tunalı Hilmi Street.
• Afternoon: Explore CerModern, spending about 2 hours to appreciate the art and exhibits.
• Evening: Head to Sıhhiye Square for dinner at Kebapçı İskender. If you're up for it, catch a local performance at the State Theatre of Ankara.

Day 3: Parks and Relaxation

• Morning: Begin your day at Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo to enjoy the natural scenery. Spend a couple of hours exploring the zoo and gardens.
• Lunch: Grab lunch at the farm’s restaurant.
• Afternoon: Visit Seğmenler Park for a leisurely walk, followed by tea at one of the park's cafes.
• Evening: Wind down your trip with dinner at Sakarya Caddesi Lokantası, savoring local flavors one last time.

These itineraries can be adjusted based on your interests and preferences, ensuring a fulfilling and enjoyable visit to Ankara.

Shopping & Souvenirs

Ankara offers a diverse shopping scene, combining modern malls with traditional markets. Here are some of the best places to shop and what to look for:

1. Kızılay

Kızılay is the main shopping district, filled with shops, boutiques, and department stores. Look for trendy clothes and accessories at competitive prices. Don’t forget to check out local brands and Turkish designs!

2. Tunali Hilmi Street

This lively street is lined with shops, eateries, and cafes. You can find everything from fashion boutiques to artisanal shops. Keep an eye out for unique souvenirs like handmade pottery and traditional textiles.

3. Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu

As mentioned before, this narrow street near Ankara Castle is ideal for local crafts. Here, you’ll find artisan shops selling carpets, traditional Turkish delights, and handmade jewelry. It’s a great spot to buy unique gifts.

4. Ankamall Shopping Center

For a modern shopping experience, head to Ankamall, one of Turkey's largest shopping malls. It features international brands, electronics, and a food court offering a variety of dining options.

5. Local Bazaars

Check out local bazaars for fresh produce, spices, and local delicacies. The Ulus Market is an excellent option for experiencing the hustle and bustle of a traditional market while picking up fresh fruits, vegetables, and Turkish sweets.

Souvenirs to Consider

• Turkish Ceramics: Beautifully crafted and often hand-painted, these make for great decorative pieces.
• Evil Eye Amulets: A popular symbol in Turkish culture believed to ward off negative energy.
• Handwoven Carpets: A bit more of an investment, but authentic Turkish carpets are truly unique.
• Spices: Bring home packets of sumac, saffron, or Turkish delight for a taste of Turkey.

No matter where you choose to shop, Ankara has something for everyone, ensuring you return home with memorable mementos.

Nightlife & Entertainment

Ankara has a lively nightlife scene that caters to a variety of tastes, making it a fun place to unwind after a day of exploring.

Bars and Clubs

• If Performance Hall: A popular venue for live music and DJ performances, If is a vibrant nightlife spot where you can enjoy a drink while listening to local bands or international artists.

  Address: If Performance Hall, Kocatepe Mah., 06520 Çankaya

• Café Oley: This café transforms into a lively bar at night, offering a relaxed atmosphere with live music and an extensive drink menu.

  Address: Akdeniz Cad. No: 10/A, Tunalı Hilmi

• Kızılkayalar: Known for its late-night bites and drink specials, this spot is popular among locals for a casual night out.

  Address: Kızılay, Meşrutiyet Cd. No: 1

Theaters and Live Performances

• Çankaya Municipality Theatre: Offers a diverse range of performances, including plays and concerts. Check their schedule for current shows.

• Ankara Opera House: For a more formal night out, consider attending a performance at this stunning venue. The grandeur of the opera house is matched only by the quality of the performances.

Evening Activities

• Dinner Cruises on the River: For a different perspective of the city, look for dinner cruises on the river that offer scenic views along with a meal.

• Visit a Turkish Bath (Hamam): Experience relaxation and rejuvenation at a traditional hamam. Galata Hamamı is one of the most famous in Ankara, providing an authentic cultural experience.

Ankara's nightlife is diverse and dynamic, offering options to suit all preferences. Whether you prefer an energetic night out or a quiet evening with drinks, you’ll find plenty of ways to enjoy the local scene.

Budget Planning

Traveling to Ankara can be surprisingly affordable, especially when compared to other major cities. Here's a detailed breakdown of potential costs to help you budget your trip effectively:

Accommodation

• Budget Hotels/Hostels: 200-400 Turkish Lira per night
• Mid-Range Hotels: 400-800 Turkish Lira per night
• Luxury Hotels: 800-1,500 Turkish Lira per night

Food

• Budget Meals: 25-60 Turkish Lira (street food or local eateries)
• Mid-Range Restaurants: 100-250 Turkish Lira per meal
• High-End Restaurants: 300-600 Turkish Lira per meal

Transportation

• Public Transport (Metro/Bus): 15 Turkish Lira per trip
• Taxi Rides: Starting at 20 Turkish Lira plus additional fees based on distance
• Car Rentals: Approximately 500 Turkish Lira per day

Attractions

• Museum Admissions: Typically 30-50 Turkish Lira
• Anıtkabir: Free
• Cultural Events: Prices vary, typically 50-150 Turkish Lira depending on the show

Estimated Daily Budget

• Budget Traveler: 400-600 Turkish Lira (staying in hostels, eating street food, using public transport)
• Mid-Range Traveler: 800-1,500 Turkish Lira (staying in mid-range hotels, dining at casual restaurants, some taxi rides)
• Luxury Traveler: 1,500-3,000 Turkish Lira (staying in high-end hotels, fine dining, and private transport)

By planning ahead and choosing wisely, you can enjoy an enriching experience in Ankara without breaking the bank.

Travel Tips

Traveling in Ankara can be a unique and rewarding experience. Here are some tips to make your visit enjoyable and smooth:

Local Customs

• Greetings: A firm handshake is common. In more traditional settings, you may also see people hugging and kissing on both cheeks, especially among locals.

• Dining Etiquette: It's customary to wait for the host to start the meal before you begin eating. If invited to a local's home, bringing a small gift, such as dessert or flowers, is appreciated.

Language

While Turkish is the official language, many young people speak English, especially in tourist areas. However, learning a few basic Turkish phrases can enhance your interactions with locals. Simple words like "Merhaba" (Hello), "Teşekkür ederim" (Thank you), and "Lütfen" (Please) go a long way.

Safety

Ankara is generally safe for tourists, but always remain aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded areas. Keep your belongings secure and avoid displaying expensive items. It's advisable to use registered taxis or rideshare apps for transportation at night.

Dress Code

While Ankara is relatively modern, it’s respectful to dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites. Comfortable clothing and shoes are recommended for walking and exploring the city.

Day Trips

Ankara's central location makes it an excellent base for exploring nearby attractions and destinations. Here are some recommended day trips:

1. Cappadocia (Approximately 3 hours from Ankara)

Famous for its unique rock formations and hot air balloon rides, Cappadocia is a stunning landscape. Explore the fairy chimneys, ancient cave churches, and enjoy a hot air balloon ride at sunrise if time permits. Organized tours from Ankara are available and can simplify transportation.

2. Hattusa (Approximately 2.5 hours from Ankara)

The ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, Hattusa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Explore the ruins, including impressive walls and temples, and learn about the Hittite civilization. Guided tours often include transportation from Ankara.

3. Beypazarı (Approximately 1.5 hours from Ankara)

This charming town is known for its well-preserved Ottoman architecture and traditional handicrafts. Visit the local market, try the famous Beypazarı carrot, and explore the town's museums. It’s an easy day trip that offers a glimpse into rural Turkey.

4. Lake Eymir (Approximately 30 minutes from Ankara)

A peaceful oasis just outside the city, Lake Eymir is perfect for a relaxing day of picnicking, cycling, or walking. The lake is surrounded by beautiful scenery and is popular among locals for outdoor activities.

These day trips allow you to experience the rich history and beautiful landscapes surrounding Ankara, providing an enriching addition to your itinerary.

Practical Information

Before you embark on your journey to Ankara, here are some essential practical details you’ll need to know:

Visa Requirements

Many nationalities can enter Turkey without a visa for stays of up to 90 days. However, check the Turkish government’s official website for the latest visa regulations based on your nationality.

SIM Cards

Purchasing a local SIM card is an excellent way to stay connected. Major providers include Turkcell, Vodafone, and Türk Telekom, which offer prepaid plans starting around 100 Turkish Lira. SIM cards can be purchased at the airport or local stores.

Currency

The currency in Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY). Credit cards are widely accepted, but it’s advisable to carry some cash for street vendors and smaller shops. ATMs are readily available throughout the city.

Emergency Contacts

• Emergency Services: 112
• Police: 155
• Ambulance: 112
• Fire Department: 110

Cultural Etiquette

Respect local customs and traditions, especially when visiting religious sites. Dress modestly and be mindful of personal space. Offering a friendly smile goes a long way in building rapport with locals.

With this detailed guide, you're well-equipped to plan your first visit to Ankara, Turkey. Immerse yourself in the rich history, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality of this remarkable city, and create memories that will last a lifetime! Safe travels!

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Travel information disclaimer: The details in this guide — including visa requirements, prices, opening hours, safety conditions, and transport options — are provided for general reference and may have changed since publication. Always verify critical information such as entry requirements and health advisories with official government sources before traveling. On Your Trip is not liable for any inaccuracies or changes that may occur after the publication date.